The methods act by three ways
1.by blocking ovation. 2.by blocking sperm transport. 3.by preventing implantation
1 Natural method
Periodic abstience or safe period or rhythmic period abstience or avoid coitus from 10th to 12th day of menstrual cycle is called periodic abstience.
Coitus intereption or withdrawal method removal of penis from vagina just before ejaculation to prevent insemination. Failure rate is very high because some sperm present in prostatic secretions.
Lactation amenorrhea absence of Menstruation cycle due to excess of lactation after birth of a child. In this period PRL(prolactin)hormone is very high which inhibits LH and FSH so no maturation of graffian follicle occurs
2.Barrier methods
Prevention of sperm transport to ova(inserted or used by the user with complete privacy)
Condom it is a thin rubber or latex sheath used to cover the penis and prevent insemination into vagina.one of the trade name is Nirod. It is not reusable. It protects against STDs like AIDs
Diaphragm it is a tubular rubber sheath with flexible metal spring or ring at the margin and fitted or fixed in vagina to prevent entry of sperm into the uterus
Cervical cap it is a nipple like rubber cap which is fitted over cervix and prevents entry of sperm into uterus
Femidom female condom made up of polyurethane pouch and inserted into the vagina before copulation. it is also not reusable and prevents or protects from STDs
Cervical volt it is a hemisphrical dome shaped rubber or plastic cap which inhibits the entry of sperm into the vagina
Chemical Methods
Spermicides spermicides are kept in vagina before 30 minutes of copulation to kill sperm by providing acidic pH. Spermicides contains citric acid, latic acid, boric acid, Zn, sulphate etc.
Spermicides are available with various names like cream(deldem), sponge(today),foam tablets(aerosol), jelly (perceptin).
IUCD/IUD IUDs are made up of metal or plastics, inserted into the uterus to prevent conception
IUDs are inserted by trained nurses or gynocologists.
They increases phagocytosis of sperm by the endometrium lining.IUDs are largely used in India
There are two types of IUDs
Non medicated IUDs-Lippe’s loop(made up of plastic or metal but didn’t release hormone)
Hormone releasing IUDs they consits synthetic progestrone(progesterone) and synthetic estrogen (oestrogen) that make uterus unsuitable for implantation by endometrial changes. Examples LNG20, LNG30, levenogesteral
Cu++ releasing IUDs they release cu++ ions which suppress sperm motality and fertilising capacity of sperm. eg – CuT7, CUT 100, CuT9,200, 250,300,350,375(multiload),380
